Lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedom.(英语二2012年text4)

谓语动词为：have left，Lengthy periods of为形容词短语作定语：长期的。主语：economic stagnation or decline，第一个and实现谓语动词+名词短语的并列：have almost always left… and have usually stopped or reversed…第二个and是名词并列：rights and freedom

翻译：长期的经济停滞或衰退几乎总是让(使)社会更加小气(吝啬)和不包容，并且它通常会阻止或扭转权利和自由的进步。

Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago.(英语一2010年text1)

which引导定语从句,译为：它已经…，since引导时间状从，译为：自从…(判断方式是主句的谓语是have been，现在完成时)，主句部分的谓语动词：ready to scale back on 准备好减少/缩减。翻译：现在，国家的最高专利法院似乎已经完全准备好减少商业方法专利(的数量)。自从10年前他们(商业方法专利)被首次授权以来，它(商业方法专利)一直是有争议的。

The research suggests that not all people (graduating into a recession) see their life chances dimmed: those (with degrees from elite universities) catch up quickly to themselves if they had been graduated in better times.(英语二2012年text4)

下划线为主干：研究表明—并不是所有人认为生活的机会是黯淡的：这些人快速追赶上他们自己。if引导条件状语从句：如果他们在更好的时代毕业。括号部分分别为v-ing短语作后置定语、介词短语作后置定语，整句翻译:研究表明—并非所有在经济衰退时期毕业的人都认为生活的机会是黯淡的：如果拥有精英大学学位的人毕业在更好的时代(经济繁荣时期)，他们就会很快追赶上他们自己。{这里是拿同一个人身处的不同经济时代作比较}。